The empress dowager Cixi was one of the few women in the imperial era of Chinese history who had long been in power and who had been able to manage the balance of power between close courtiers to maintain their absolute authority.

When Cixi was in power, the centralized power of the qing court and the Chinese sovereignty were faced with various threats from internal and foreign countries. From the standpoint of defending the authority of the qing empire and its own power, her measures were not successful, but in the context of history, most of them were reasonable.

In terms of personality, Cixi’s methods of seizing power from the palace struggle were cruel. Died in 1861, heshen in jehol summer resort, queen had become Ye He the Laplace, Wilson of joint (such as the royal clan coup from royal far the happy prince to carry through huawei first prince, zheng end, actual to minister lu su shun hand eight ministers group, as the core of life won the regime, and three of them (walls, end China, lu su shun) to be put to death. In order to establish and maintain her dictatorial power, empress dowager Cixi showed little mercy on her political opponents, even controlling her son tongzhi and his successor guangxu.

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During the reign of Qin Shihuang, massive construction projects were carried out to help build the infrastructure needed for an imperial China, often at the cost of many lives. The first version of the Great Wall of China was built during this period and was also the first national road system.

The most famous remains of Qin Shihuang’s reign are his mausoleum in central China’s shaanxi province. Construction began in 246 b.c., and in addition to the emperor’s tomb, there were large palaces, valuables, rivers of mercury and landscapes painted on the ceiling. But the most striking feature of the tomb is the emperor’s guard: the terra-cotta warriors. The 8,000 soldiers, made of molds and clay, guarded the emperor’s tomb to help him after his death.

Like other construction projects during the reign of Qin Shihuang, the construction of the mausoleum required a large labor force. It is estimated that 700,000 workers were involved in the construction of the mausoleum alone. In 2003, hundreds of remains were unearthed near the tomb. They are believed to be the remains of workers who built the monument, and a preliminary examination of their bones showed that they had been engaged in strenuous physical Labour until their death. But because the remains were poorly preserved, scientists were unable to determine the ethnic origin of the workers. With a vast territory and a population of 22 million, these workers could have come from anywhere. So the Chinese scientists decided to directly examine the mitochondrial DNA of these workers to discover their ethnic origin.

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In the feudal society, it was not the love of the young couple that decided the marriage, but the desire of the parents. Only after the matchmaker’s introduction, when the parents think the two families are similar and can match, the marriage process will continue. The conditions to be considered include wealth and social status. If a boy’s family is rich or official, his parents will never allow him to marry a girl from a poor family.

Before the party, the bride would tie up her hair with colored cotton thread with the help of a respected old woman. She will wear a red dress because Chinese people think red symbolizes joy. When the procession arrived, the bride wore a red cloth hood and had to cry with her mother to show that she did not want to leave the house. She was led or carried in the litter by her brother. At the party, the groom will deliberately encounter a series of difficulties. Only by dealing with these matters can he visit his future wife.

In ancient Chinese weddings, there was music and firecrackers when the sedan arrived at the wedding site. The bride will be led down the red carpet in a festive atmosphere. The groom, who also wears a red robe, kowtows three times and worships heaven, his parents and his spouse. Then the couple will go to their new house and the guests will be treated to a big meal. The wine should be poured at the rim of the glass but not spilled.

On their wedding night, some places have a custom of making fun of the couple by relatives or friends. Although this may seem a bit noisy, both of them are no longer shy and get to know each other. On the third day of the wedding, the couple will return to the bride’s parents’ home. They will also be welcomed to a dinner party that includes relatives.

Of course, marriage customs vary from place to place, but these are the most common. They have survived for thousands of years, but in recent years, especially after the founding of modern China, there has been a tendency to discard details in favor of simplified procedures and wedding ceremonies.

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Great Wall resources are mainly distributed in hebei, Beijing, tianjin, shanxi, shaanxi, gansu, Inner Mongolia, heilongjiang, jilin, liaoning, shandong, henan, qinghai, ningxia, xinjiang and other 15 provinces. Hebei province is more than 2,000 kilometers long, and shaanxi province is 1,838 kilometers long. According to the results of a nationwide survey of Great Wall resources by the department of cultural relics and surveying and mapping, the total length of the Great Wall in the Ming dynasty was 8,851.8 km, while the length of the Great Wall in the qin, han and early periods exceeded 10,000 km with a total length of more than 21,000 km.

On March 4, 1961, the Great Wall was announced by the state council as one of the first batch of national key cultural relic protection units. In December 1987, the Great Wall was listed as a world cultural heritage site.

Who Ordered the Great Wall of China to be Built

With the exception of the spring and autumn period and the warring states period (770 to 221 BC) and the warring states period (475 to 221 BC), almost every dynasty since the Qin dynasty (221 to 207 BC) has ordered the construction of the Great Wall to resist attacks and aggression from other countries. Among them, Qin emperor (221 bc-207 BC) and Han Wu emperor Han (201 bc-8 AD) expanded the Great Wall on a much larger scale. Thanks to the construction of the Great Wall during the han dynasty, it also contributed to the protection of the silk road. During the Ming dynasty (1368-1620), the first emperor of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, ordered the construction of the Great Wall. The existing tourist Great Wall almost belongs to the Ming dynasty Great Wall, including the ancient north Great Wall. In modern times, MAO Zedong ordered the Great Wall at Badaling to be renovated in 1957. Then, in 1978, Deng Xiaoping ordered a renovation of the Great Wall, opening it to foreign and domestic tourists.

Designers of the great wall of China

Most of the people who designed the structure of the Great Wall were recorded in the historical books of the Warring States countries (475 BC – 221 BC). However, after Qin’s unification of China, those books were all burned out. The history of Qin Dynasty (221 BC – 207 BC) has always been centered on the noble. These folk craftsmen who built the Great Wall were not named. In later dynasties, there were records of restoration and construction of the Great Wall, but in terms of design, they all followed the style of the wall at that time, so there was no fixed designer. By the Ming Dynasty, it was mainly planned by the emperor Zhu Di, and renovated and adjusted by the famous general, Qi Jiguang. As a result of the implementation of subcontracted construction, the specific designers are not one person. On each section of the Great Wall, there are different designers and builders.

How Many People Built the Great Wall

At least millions of people participated in the construction of the Great Wall. According to records, only in the Qin Dynasty (221 BC – 207 BC), the first emperor of Qin ordered more than one million workers to build the Great Wall, which was one-twentieth of the country’s population. By the Northern Qi Dynasty, the number of people who built the Great Wall was recorded to be 1.8 million. Later in the Sui Dynasty (581 AD – 608 AD), there were tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, or even millions of people taking part in the construction of the Great Wall, which were recorded in the historical books.

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